SOFTWARE
by
HELGESON SCIENTIFIC SERVICES

Updated, June 20, 2003

Chapter 1, In Vivo Counters By Helgeson

1.1. - Purpose of this Manual

1.2. - Brief History of Helgeson Scientific Services

1.3. - Description of the Helgeson In Vivo Counters

1.3.1. - Lay-Down Counters

1.3.1.1. - Classic Shadow Shield Whole Body Counters

1.3.1.1.1. - NaI(Tl) Version of the Classic Shadow Shield Whole Body Counter

1.3.1.1.2. - HPGe Version of the Classic Shadow Shield Whole Body Counter

1.3.1.1.3. - The Mixed Detector Classic Shadow Shield Whole Body Counter

1.3.1.2 Do-It-Yourself Whole Body Counters

1.3.1.2.1. - NaI(Tl) Version of the Do-It-Yourself Whole Body Counter

1.3.1.2.2. - HPGe Version of the Do-It-Yourself Whole Body Counter

1.3.2. - Stand-Up Counters

1.3.2.1. - NaI(Tl) Version of the Quicky, Model I In Vivo Counter

1.3.2.2. - NaI(Tl) Version of the Quicky, Model II In Vivo Counter

1.3.2.3. - NaI(Tl) Version of the Quicky, Model III In Vivo Counter

1.3.2.4. - The Quicky, Model IV In Vivo Counter

1.3.2.5. - HPGe Version of the Quicky, Model V In Vivo Counter

1.3.3. - Chair Counters

1.3.4. - The "UCOUNTER," for measuring uranium, plutonium and americium

1.4. - The Helgeson Software Menu System

Chapter 2, Hardware, Software, and Instructions

2.1. - The Mechanical Structures

2.1.1. - Classic Shadow Shield Whole Body Counters

2.1.1.1. - Physical Specifications

2.1.1.2. - Shielding

2.1.1.3. - Motors

2.1.2. - Do-It-Yourself Whole Body Counters

2.1.2.1. - Physical Specifications

2.1.2.2. - Shielding

2.1.2.3. - Motors

2.1.3. - Quicky In Vivo Counters

2.1.3.1. - Physical Specifications

2.1.3.2. - Shielding

2.1.3.3. - Hardware for External Contamination Measurements

2.2. - The Computer System(s)

2.2.1. - Disk Organization and Storage

2.3. - Networking (if used)

2.4. - Software

2.4.1. - Setup Requirements

2.4.1.1. - The AUTOEXEC.BAT File

2.4.1.2. - The CONFIG.SYS File

2.4.2. - Software Languages

2.5. - General Instructions

2.5.1. - Screen Display on Boot-Up

2.5.2. - Typing Instructions

2.5.2.1. - General Typing Information

2.5.2.2. - Special Keys

2.5.2.2.1. - How Do You Delete a Character?

2.5.2.2.2. - The Control Key

2.5.2.2.3. - The Enter Key

2.5.2.2.4. - The Escape Key

2.5.2.2.5. - Default Entries

Chapter 3, Theory of Operation of HSS Systems

3.1. - Poisson and Gaussian Distributions

3.2. - Background and Its Statistical Distribution

3.2.1. - Two-Sided Limits

3.2.2. - One-Sided Limits

3.3. - Background Collection Methods

3.3.1. - Allocation of Time for Sample Versus Background

3.3.2. - Measure the Background for a Fixed Period of Time

3.3.3. - Measure the Background for a Minimum and Maximum Counting Times

3.3.4. - Measure the Background Over a Sliding Window

3.4. - Action Point

3.5. - Calculated Decision Value, Type 1 & 2 Errors, and Counting Time

3.6. - Calculation of the Minimum Counting Time

3.7. - Rationale for Gross Counting

3.7.1. - Uniformity of Radionuclides

3.7.2. - Isotopic Composition

3.7.3. - Determining the Average Gammas per Disintegration

3.7.4. - Total Spectrum Versus Photopeak

3.8. - Sequential Analysis

3.8.1. - Introduction to Sequential Analysis

3.8.2. - The Sequential Test

3.8.3. - The Single-Sided Alternative Hypotheses

3.8.4. - An Example

3.8.5. - Sequential Analysis and the Poisson Distribution

Chapter 4, Data Acquisition Screens

4.1. - Opening Screens for Various HSS Counters

4.1.1. - Do-It-Yourself Diagnostic Lay Down Whole Body Counter

4.1.2. - HPGe Do-It-Yourself Diagnostic Lay Down Whole Body Counter

4.1.3. - Quicky, Model I In Vivo Stand Up Counter

4.1.4. - Quicky, Model III In Vivo Stand Up Counter

4.1.5. - Quicky, Model IV In Vivo Stand Up Counter

4.1.6. - Quicky, Model V In Vivo Stand Up Counter

4.1.7. - Quicky, Model VI In Vivo Stand Up Counter

4.1.8. - HPGe Waste Analyzer

4.1.9. - Lo-Rad Waste Analyzer

4.2. - Pull Down Menus

4.2.1. - F1 - Help

4.2.2. - Using Markers

4.2.3. - The Gxxx Command

4.2.4. - The Uxxx Command

4.2.5. - F2 - Setup

4.2.5.1. - Changing the Background or Subject Counting Time

4.2.5.2. - Linear Scaling, the S Command

4.2.5.3. - The Zoom Command, Z xxx yyy

4.2.6. - F3 - Peak

4.2.6.1. - Mark Current Channel

4.2.6.2. - Mark Channel Number, M

4.2.6.3. - Peak Information

4.2.6.4. - Unmark a Channel

4.2.7. - F4 - Information

4.2.8. - F10 - Quit

Chapter 5, Data Acquisition and Analysis

5.1. - Making In Vivo Counts

5.1.1. - Correct Subject Positioning

5.1.1.1. - Classic Shadow Shield Whole Body Counter

5.1.1.2. - Do-It-Yourself Whole Body Counter

5.1.1.3. - Quicky In Vivo Counter

5.1.2. - Counting an Individual

5.1.2.1. - Counting Without Identification

5.1.2.2. - First Count for an Individual

5.1.2.3. - Starting an In Vivo Count, a Repeat Count for an Individual

5.1.3. - The Residuals, or, Sigma Graph

5.1.4. - How are Data Files Named?

5.2. - Analyzing Barrels of Waste

Chapter 6, Data Analysis and How It Is Done

6.1. - Selecting the Type of Analysis

6.1.1. - Final Analysis of *.??T Files

6.1.2. - Directory Options

6.1.2.1. - Choice of Extensions, the F3 Key

6.1.2.2. - Choices for Sorting, the F4 Key

6.2. - General Description of the Analytical Software

6.3. - Discussion of Some of the Critical Routines

6.3.1. - Reading the Data File

6.3.2. - Data Smoothing

6.3.3. - Peak Center Calculations

6.3.4. - Gain and Zero Shift

6.3.5. - The Effect of Height on the Quicky Iodine Results

Chapter 7, Manual Analysis of the Data (Note: This chapter needs a major revision)

8. Net Plot Software

8.1. - Compton Continuum Subtraction Analysis

8.1.1. - Approximation of Logarithmic Linearity in Spectra

8.2. - Part 1, Choosing a File for Analysis and Initializing the Program

8.2.1. - Selecting the File Extension

8.2.1.1. - Compton Continuum Subtraction Method for Mixed Fission, Activation, and Corrosion Products

8.2.2. - Preliminary Questions for All Files Analyzed at One Analytical Session

8.2.2.1. - Print the data ? (Y/N)

8.2.2.2. - Are You Doing a Uranium Analysis?

8.2.2.3. - Are You Doing a Plutonium Analysis?

8.2.2.4. - Do you wish to smooth the spectra?

8.3. - Part 2, The Start of the Analysis, Choosing the Channels for Display, Gain & Zero Shift

8.3.1. - Choosing the Channels for Display

8.3.2. - Gain and Zero Shift

8.4. - Part 3, Subtract the Background

8.5. - Part 4, Determination of the Net Counting Rate Under the Photopeak

8.5.1. - Two-point Straight Line Determination of the Background

8.5.1.1. - Calculating the Calibration Factor from an Equation

8.5.1.2. - Calculating the Calibration Factor from the Calibration File

8.5.1.3. - Entering the Calibration Factor Manually

8.6. - Part 4, Determination of the Net Counting Rate Under the Photopeak, Continued

Chapter 9, Examine/Change Parameters

9.1. - Parameters for NaI(Tl) Detector Systems

9.1.1. - Analysis

9.1.1.1. - Automatic Operation

9.1.1.2. - Perform the Analysis

9.1.1.3. - Smooth the Data

9.1.1.4. - Perform Gain and Zero Shift

9.1.1.5. - Analyze Individual Spectra

9.1.1.6. - Examine the Spectrum at the End of the Count

9.1.2. - Graph

9.1.2.1. - Copy Plot of Unshifted Subject/Background Data?

9.1.2.2. - Plot the Shifted Subject/Net Data?

9.1.2.3. - Plot the Bkg on Shifted Subject/Net Graph?

9.1.2.4. - Plot the Graph of the Individual Components?

9.1.2.5. - Plot the Residuals in Terms of Sigma?

9.1.2.6. - Print Separate Subject and Residuals Graphs

9.1.3. - Reporting

9.1.3.1. - Print the One Page Data Sheet?

9.1.3.2. - Write the Answers to a File?

9.1.3.3. - Write the Residuals Data?

9.1.3.4. - Print the Answer File?

9.1.3.5. - Print the Initial Analysis if it is Below the Action Point

9.1.3.6. - Print Percent of the MPBB

9.1.3.7. - Save the Individual Data Files

9.1.4. - Library of Isotopes

9.1.4.1. - Add an Element

9.1.4.2. - Delete an Element

9.1.4.3. - Edit an Element

9.1.4.4. - Change the File Extension

9.1.5. - Option 5

9.1.5.1. - Quicky Counters using Proportional Counters, Models III, IV, & VI

9.1.5.1.1. - Low Count Rate (Expressed in Units of Counts Per Second)

9.1.5.1.2. - High Count Rate (Expressed in Units of Counts Per Second)

9.1.5.1.3. - Calibration Factor (Expressed in Units of C/S Per Becquerel)

9.1.5.1.4. - Action Point (Expressed in Units of Becquerels)

9.1.5.2. - BRC Waste Analyzer Parameters

9.1.5.2.1. - Upper Values

9.1.5.2.1.1. - Type 1 and Type 2 Errors

9.1.5.2.1.2. - Action Point

9.1.5.2.2. - Lower Values

9.1.6. - Channel Limits

9.1.6.1. - Analysis Limits

9.1.6.1.1. - Starting Channel

9.1.6.1.2. - Ending Channel

9.1.6.2. - Peak Search Limits

9.1.6.2.1. - Starting Channel for Peak Search

9.1.6.2.2. - Ending Channel for Peak Search

9.1.7. - Sensitivity Limits

9.1.7.1. - Gain/Zero Peak Tolerance

9.1.7.2. - Maximum Acceptable Fit

9.1.7.2.1. - Two-Sigma Drop Factor

9.1.7.2.2. - Minimum Sensitivity Drop Factor

9.1.8. - Calibration

9.1.8.1. - NaI(Tl) Low Energy Peak

9.1.8.2. - NaI(Tl) High Energy Peak, First and Second

9.1.8.3. - Calibration Time

9.1.8.4. - Maximum Acceptable Errors

9.1.8.4.1. - Maximum Acceptable Error, Low Energy, Channels

9.1.8.4.2. - Maximum Acceptable Error, High Energy, Channels

9.1.8.4.3. - Maximum Acceptable Error, Position 5, Channels

9.1.8.5. - Dial Setting of Pre-amplifier 1, 2, 3 or 4 or more

9.1.9. - Count Times

9.1.9.1. - Default Background Counting Time

9.1.9.2. - Rapid Counting Rate Change, Sigma

9.1.9.3. - Subject Counting Time

9.1.9.4. - Acquisition Testing Interval

9.1.10. - Miscellaneous

9.1.10.1. - Customer Name

9.1.10.2. - System Type

9.1.10.3. - System Identification

9.1.10.4. - One Result Per Page

9.1.10.5. - Units of Activity

9.1.10.6. - Send Counts to HSS

9.1.10.7. - Send Answers to In-House System

9.1.10.8. - Send Answers On-Line

9.1.10.9. - Background color

9.1.10.10. - File Down Load Interval (sec)

9.1.10.11. - Minimum Height (cm)

9.1.10.12. - Maximum Height (cm)

9.1.10.13. - Minimum Weight (kg)

9.1.10.14. - Maximum Weight (kg)

9.1.10.15. - Date Format

9.1.11. - Saving the Modifications of the Parameters

9.2. - Parameters for HPGe Detector Systems

9.2.1. - Analysis

9.2.1.1. - Do Analysis

9.2.1.2. - Subject Dimension are Metric Units?

9.2.1.3. - Units of Activity

9.2.1.4. - Peak Search Match Tolerance

9.2.1.5. - Energy Units

9.2.1.6. - Measurement Units Type

9.2.1.7. - Parameter File Name

9.2.1.8. - Calibration File Name

9.2.1.9. - Efficiency File Name

9.2.1.10. - Nuclide Library File Name

9.2.1.11. - Analysis Output Location

9.2.2. - Miscellaneous HPGe Parameters

Chapter 10, Calibration - Characteristics of NaI(Tl) Detectors

10.1. - Introduction

10.1.1. - The Non-Linearity of NaI(Tl) Detectors

10.1.2. - Choice of Sources

10.1.3. - Source Placement

10.1.4. - Determination of Counting Time

Chapter 11, Calibrations for Energy vs Channel, NaI(Tl) Detectors

11.1. - Energy Calibration, Part 1, Verification of Dial Settings

11.2. - Energy Calibration, Part 2, Calibration of Detectors 1 Through n.

11.3. - Calibration, Part 4, Recording the Data

11.4. - Energy Calibration, Part 5, Obtaining a New Background

11.5. - Statistical Errors in Channel Center Measurements

11.6. - Energy Calibration,Part 6, Determining the Dial Factors

11.6.1. - Gain Setting

11.6.2. - Sources

11.6.3. - Data Acquisition

11.6.4. - Data Accumulation

11.6.5. - Calculate the New Dial Factor

11.6.5.1. - Dial Factors by Simple Subtraction and Division

11.6.5.1.1. - Example from a Reciprocal Gain vs Channel Amplifier

11.6.5.1.2. - Example from a Linear Gain vs Channel Amplifier

11.6.5.2. - Dial Factors by Least Squares Calculations

Chapter 12, Phantoms

12.1. - Historical Background, Seldom Used Methods and Phantoms

12.1.1. - Administration of Radionuclides to Human Volunteers

12.1.2. - REMAB and REMCO Phantoms

12.2. - Other Types of Phantoms

12.2.1. - Sugar Phantoms

12.3. - LLNL Realistic Phantom

12.4. - The HSS Masonite Phantom, Model SLP

12.4.1. - Source Fabrication

12.4.2. - Description of the Styrofoam Sizes and Phantom Cavities

12.4.3. - Description of 40-Potassium Source Preparation

Chapter 13, Calibration of NaI(Tl) Detectors, Data Acquisition and Evaluation

13.1. - Data Collection for NaI(Tl) Efficiency Calibrations

13.2. - Evaluation of the Calibration Data

13.2.1. - The ELEMENTS.INF File

13.2.2. - Evaluation of a Nuclide Found in the ELEMENTS.INF File

13.2.2.1. - Start the program, Choose and Display the file

13.2.2.2. - Mark the Low and High Channels for Gain and Zero Shift

13.2.2.3. - Choose the Energies of the Marked Peaks

13.2.2.4. - Perform the Gain and Zero Shift

13.2.2.5. - Define the Region of Interest (ROI)

13.2.2.6. - Store Zeros in Selected Channels

13.2.2.7. - The Remaining Information

13.2.3. - Evaluation of an Uncommon Nuclide

13.2.3.1. - Choose and Display the File

13.2.3.2. - Identify the Nuclide

13.2.3.3. - Mark the Low and High Channels for Gain and Zero Shift

13.2.3.4. - Perform the Gain and Zero Shift

13.2.3.5. - Define the Region of Interest (ROI)

13.2.3.6. - Store Zeros in Selected Channels

13.2.3.7. - The Remaining Information

13.3. - Make a BRC Calibration File

13.4. - Compton Scatter

Chapter 14, Calibration Procedures from the HSS Quality Assurance Manual

Chapter 15, The Efficiency and Resolution Curves and Equations

15.1. - Energies and Gammas per Disintegration

15.2. - Counts per Second per Becquerel

15.2.1. - 137-Cesium Calibration Data

15.2.2. - Natural Potassium

15.2.3. - 133-Barium

15.2.3.1. - Spreadsheet Methods

15.2.4. - 60-Cobalt

15.3. - Calculate the Counts per Second per Becquerel

15.4. - Generate the Graph of Efficiency versus Energy

15.5. - Calculation of the Equation of the Energy versus Efficiency Curve

15.6. - Calculation of the Equation of the Energy versus Resolution Curve

15.6.1. - Approximate Manual Methods

15.6.2. - Mathematically Precise Methods

15.6.2.1. - 137-Cesiuim as our Example

15.6.2.2. - 133-Barium

15.6.2.3. - 60-Cobalt and 40-Potassium

15.6.3. - Generation of the Curve of Energy versus Resolution

15.7. - Appendix I, Derivation of the Normal Equations for Least Squares Curve Fitting

15.7.1. - Equations of the First Degree

15.7.2. - Equations of the Second Degree

15.7.3. - Equations of the Third Degree

15.7.4. - Equations for Finding a Surface

Chapter 16, Calibration of HPGe Detectors

16.1. - Descriptions of Frequently Used Files

16.1.1. - Parameter Files, *.par

16.1.2. - Spectrum Files, *.spt

16.1.3. - Standards Files, *.std

16.1.4. - Library Files, *.til,text isotoe library and *.bil, binary isotope library

16.1.5. - Template Files, *.tpl

16.1.6. - Calibration File, *.CAL

16.2. - Choose a Counting Geometry

16.3. - Generating the Configuration Files

16.3.1. - Choose a New Parameter File

16.3.2. - Change the Peak Search Parameters

16.3.2.1. - Low Energy Cut-off

16.3.2.2. - High Energy Cut-off

16.3.2.3. - Sensitivity

16.3.2.4. - Number of Background Channels

16.3.2.5. - Number of Peak Insertions Passes

16.3.2.6. - Peak Insertion Sensitivity

16.3.2.7. - Peak Only Template File Name

16.3.2.8. - Display Normalized Residuals Only

16.3.3. - Library Search Parameters

16.3.3.1. - Match Tolerance

16.3.3.2. - Vary Match Tolerance with FWHM

16.3.3.3. - Gamma Fraction Tolerance

16.3.3.4. - Half-Life Decay Tolerance

16.3.3.5. - Active Library File Name

16.3.3.6. - Master Library File Name

16.3.3.7. - Create Active Library

16.3.3.8. - Background Peak Subtraction

16.3.3.9. - Background Peak File Name

16.3.3.10. - Correct for Activity Decay

16.3.3.11. - Systematic Calibration Error

16.3.3.12. - Activity Units

16.3.3.13. - Report Type

16.3.3.14. - Report Device (or File Name)

16.3.3.15. - Template File Name

16.3.4. - Detector Parameters

16.3.4.1. - Default Detector Label

16.3.4.2. - Default Calibration File Name

16.3.4.3. - Default Efficiency File Name

16.3.5. - Calibration Parameters

16.3.5.1. - Energy Calibration Units

16.3.5.2. - Use Energy in Master Library

16.3.5.3. - Standards File Name

16.3.5.4. - Fitted Efficiency Function

16.3.5.5. - Allow Cubic for Energy Curve

16.3.5.6. - Allow Cubic for FWHM Curve

16.3.6. - Display Parameters

16.3.7. - Other Parameters

16.3.7.1. - Critical Level Factor

16.3.7.2. - Width in FWHM for MDA region

16.3.7.3. - Systematic Baseline Factor

16.3.7.4. - Sigma Multiplier

16.3.7.5. - Baseline Equivalent Activity Factor

16.3.7.6. - Number of Digits for Log Number

16.3.7.7. - Text Program

16.4. - Determining the Calibration Equations

16.4.1. - Reading a Calibration File Into Memory

16.4.1.1. - Changing the Identification Line

16.4.1.2. - Calibration for Energy versus Channel

Chapter 17, Linear and Rotational Speed Calibrations

17.1. - The Mathematics of Speed Calibrations

17.1.1. - Basis of the Program

17.2. - Linear Speed Calibrations

17.2.1. - Review of Previous Data

17.2.2. - Obtaining New Speed Calibration Data

17.2.2.1. - Automatic Operation

17.2.2.2. - Manual Operation

17.3. - Rotational Speed Calibrations

Chapter 18, Proportional Counters

18.1. - Theory of Operation of Proportional Counters

18.2. - Description of the Proportional Counters Used in the Quicky

18.3. - Specifications of Proportional Counters

18.3.1. - Mylar and Wire

18.3.2. - Physical Sizes

18.4. - The Gas Flow System

18.4.1. - Procedure to Start the P-10 Flow

18.4.2. - Shutting Down the Gas Flow

18.5. - Determination of the Plateau

18.6. - Efficiency Calibration

18.7. - Routine Daily Efficiency Calibrations

Chapter 19, Data Base Maintenance

19.1. - Preface to Chapters 19, 20, 21, and 22.

19.1.1. - Introduction

19.1.2. - Networks

19.2. - Personnel File Management

19.2.1. - Next Record

19.2.2. - Last Record

19.2.9. - Delete a Record

19.2.10. - Browse

19.2.11. - Other Index

19.2.12. - Compact

19.2.13. - E, Exit Count, List Those Persons Needing an Exit Count

19.2.14. - Z, A Complete List of the Personnel File

Chapter 20, Answers File

Chapter 21, QC - Quality Control

21.1. - Starting the Program, Entering the Information

21.1.1. - Company Abbreviation

21.1.2. - Printing the QC File

21.1.3. - Printing a Summary of the Data

21.1.4. - Automatic or Manual Operation

21.1.5. - Number of Copies of Each Graph

21.2. - Routine Operation of the Program

21.3. - Supporting Files

21.4. - Evaluation of the Q.C. Charts

21.4.1. - Responsibilities of the System Manager

21.4.1.1. - Peak Center of the Spectrum as Collected:

21.4.1.2. - QC Chart No. 11: 241-americium Count Rate in the Background:

21.4.1.3. - System Gain and Zero Stability:

21.4.1.4. - The Resolution of the Detector:

21.4.1.5. - Contamination of the Counter:

21.4.2. - Responsibilities of the Data Processing Technician

21.4.2.1. - System Gain and Zero After Gain and Zero Shift:

21.4.2.2. - Background Counting Time:

21.5. - Problems in Generating the QC Charts

21.6. - Examples of the Individual Q.C. Charts

21.6.1. - Center Channel of the 241-Americium Photopeak Before Gain and Zero Shift

21.6.2. - Center Channel of the 40-Potassium Photopeak Before Gain and Zero Shift

21.6.3. - Gain of the System Before Gain and Zero Shift

21.6.4. - Zero of the System Before Gain and Zero Shift

21.6.5. - Center Channel of the 241-Americium Photopeak After Gain and Zero Shift

21.6.6. - Center Channel of the 40-Potassium Photopeak After Gain and Zero Shift

21.6.7. - Resolution of the In Vivo 241-Americium Photopeak

21.6.8. - Resolution of the In Vivo 40-Potassium Photopeak

21.6.9. - Gain of the System After Gain and Zero Shift

21.6.10. - Zero of the System After Gain and Zero Shift

21.6.11. - Integral Under the 241-Americium Photopeak

21.6.12. - Background Counting Time

21.6.13. - Background Quality Control Charts

21.6.14. - Background of Natural Potassium at 1460.75 keV

21.6.15. - Background of 60-Cobalt at 1332.56 keV

21.6.16. - Background of 60-Cobalt at 1173.21 keV

21.6.17. - Background of 134-Cesium at 801.84 keV

21.6.18. - Background of 134-Cesium at 604.66 keV

21.6.19. - Background of 58-Cobalt at 810.76 keV

21.6.20. - Background of 137-Cesium at 661.62 keV

21.6.21. - Background of 95-Zirconium, Niobium at 760.0 keV

21.6.22. - Background of 54-Manganese at 834.83 keV

21.6.23. - Background of 65-Zinc at 1115.52 keV

21.6.24. - Center Channel of 60-Cobalt Before Gain and Zero Shift

21.6.25. - Center Channel of 60-Cobalt After Gain and Zero Shift

Chapter 22, Message File Maintenance

22.1. - The Purpose of a Message File

22.2. - Next, Previous, First, and Last Message

22.3. - Go To a Specific Message

22.4. - Sequential Search

22.5. - Edit a Message

22.6. - Adding a Message

22.7. - Browse

22.8. - Undocumented Features

22.8.1. - M, Change Languages

22.8.2. - R, Print a Sorted List of the Message File

22.9. - QUIT the Message File Program

22.10. - Message Modifications for a New System

22.10.1. - Message 188

22.10.2. - Message 196

22.10.3. - Messages 229 through 237

22.10.4. - Message 288

22.10.5. - Message 290

22.11. - The Message Files

22.11.1. - The English Message File

22.11.2. - The French Message File

Chapter 23, Employer and Job Title List Maintenance

23.1. - The Employer List

23.1.1. - Add an Employer, F4

23.1.2. - Rename an Employer, F6

23.1.2.1. - Change the Spelling of An Entry

23.1.2.2. - Renaming one or more entries to a common name

23.1.3. - Delete a Company Name

23.1.4. - Recreate the Employer List, F10

23.2. - Job Title List Maintenance

23.2.1. - Add a Job Title, F4

23.2.2. - Delete a Job Title, F8

23.2.3. - Rename a Job Title

23.2.4. - Recreate the Job Title List, F10

Chapter 24, Personnel and Answer File Reports

24.1. - The Employer List

24.1.1. - Add an Employer, F4

24.1.2. - Rename an Employer, F6

24.1.2.1. - Change the Spelling of An Entry

24.1.2.2. - Renaming one or more entries to a common name

24.1.3. - Delete a Company Name

24.1.4. - Recreate the Employer List, F10

24.2. - Job Title List Maintenance

24.2.1. - Add a Job Title, F4

24.2.2. - Delete a Job Title, F8

24.2.3. - Rename a Job Title

24.2.4. - Recreate the Job Title List, F10

Chapter 25, Communications

25.1. - Send a Count to Helgeson

25.2. - Send Count(s) to In-House System

25.3. - Send Count(s) to Other System

Chapter 26, Diagnostics

26.1. - Switches

26.2. - Detector(s)

26.3. - Detector Drift Program

26.4. - Computer Diagnostics

Chapter 27, Disk Utilities

Chapter 28, Miscellaneous Programs

28.1. - Show Names and Filenames

Chapter 29, Nuclide Decay

Chapter 30, RADDECAY

Chapter 31, Curvefit

31.1. - Introduction

31.1.1. - PURPOSE

31.1.2. - REFERENCE

31.1.3. - WARNING and Disclaimer

31.1.4. - SHAREWARE

Chapter 32, Internal Dose Calculations

32.1. - Graphic Capabilities of DAS-H

32.1.1. - Add Days to the Beginning and End

32.1.2. - Graph One Nuclide as a Function of Intake Mode and Particle Size

32.1.3. - Estimating the Time of Intake by Moving the Retention Curve

32.1.4. - Adjusting the Last Data Point to the Retention Curve

32.2. - The DAS-H Front End Program

32.2.1. - Obtaining Data from the Data Base

32.2.1.1. - Obtain the Data by Subject Name

32.2.1.2. - Obtain the Data by Subject Identification Number

32.3. - Prerequisites for the Main DAS-H Program

32.3.1. - Examine or Revise System Parameters, Option 5

32.3.1.1. - Data Files for Calculating Effective Committed Dose Equivalent

32.3.1.2. - Mode of Operation, Step or Non-Step

32.3.1.3. - List of Nuclides for Manual Data Entry, Additions and Deletions

32.3.1.4. - Calculate the Effective Dose Equivalent Regardless of Level

32.3.1.5. - Enter Output Units for the Quantity of Radioactive Material

32.3.1.6. - Enter Output Units for the Dose Calculations

32.3.1.7. - Enter the Type of Data Evaluation

32.3.1.8. - Saving the DAS-H Parameters

32.3.2. - Examine, Add, Revise or Delete Isotope Parameters, Option 4

32.3.2.1. - (E)xamine an ICR File

32.3.2.2. - (R)evise an ICR File

32.3.2.3. - (A)dd an Isotope

32.3.2.4. - (D)elete an Isotope

32.3.3. - Manual Entry of Data

32.3.4. - Enter a Specified File

32.4. - Discussion of Input File Structure

32.5. - Option 1, Proceed with the Calculation

32.5.1. - Evaluation of Data from Only One In Vivo Count

32.5.2. - Evaluation of Data from Two In Vivo Counts, DAS-H Graphics

32.5.3. - Evaluation of Data from a Series of In Vivo Counts

32.6. - Generate Retention and Excretion Lists

Chapter 33, Password Maintenance

Chapter 34, Backing Up WB1, Deletion of Files

Chapter 35, Remote Operations

Chapter 36, The Theory of Least Squares

36.1. - Introduction

36.2. - The Least Squares Method

36.2.1. - Curve Fitting and Estimation

36.2.2. - The Least Squares Criterion

36.2.3. - The Normal Equations and Calculations of the Constants

36.2.4. - Errors in the Coefficients

36.3. - Example Problem

36.3.1. - Calibration Curve of Form y = a + bx

36.3.2. - y = bx Form of the Line

36.4. - Multilinear Estimation

36.5. - Summary

36.6. - Introduction

36.7. - The Least Squares Method

36.7.1. - The Linear Equations and the Least Squares Criterion

36.7.1.1. - Determining the Channel Efficiencies

36.7.1.2. - The Results

36.7.2. - Error Analysis

36.7.2.1. - Error in the Least Squares Estimates

36.7.2.2. - Examining the Residual Counts

36.7.3. - Weighted Least Squares

36.8. - Perspective On Least Squares Spectral Analysis

36.8.1. - Advantages of Least Squares

36.8.1.1. - Accuracy

36.8.1.2. - Contains Error Estimate

36.8.1.3. - Well Suited to Automated Processing of Large Numbers of Samples

36.8.1.4. - Qualitative Identification of Sample Content Can Be Avoided

36.8.1.5. - Decay and Counting Time Corrections Can Be Made Automatically

36.8.2. - Requirements for Least Squares Analysis

36.8.2.1. - Electronic Digital Computer

36.8.2.2. - Computer Programmer/Statistician Required for Initial Programming

36.8.2.3. - Spectrometer System Requirements

36.8.2.4. - Standards for Each Nuclide to be Analyzed Must Be Counted

36.8.3. - Restrictions and Disadvantages

36.8.3.1. - Time and Effort Required to Establish Least Squares Capability

36.8.3.2. - Deviations From the Linear Model

.

36.8.3.3. - Difficulties in Solving the Systems Of Linear Equations

36.9. - Further Considerations

36.9.1. - Spectrometer Gain and Threshold Corrections

36.9.2. - Non-Linear Least Squares

36.9.3. - Testing a Least Squares Program for Routine Sample Analysis

36.10. - Summary

Chapter 37, Files Used by the HELGE Programs

37.1. - The MAIN Directory

37.2. - The SUPPORTS Sub-Directory

37.2.1. - The Parameters Files

37.2.1.1. - The FIXDPARM.FIL File

37.2.1.2. - The SYSPARMS.FIL File

37.2.2. - The FILENAME.FIL File

37.2.2.1. - The PCDATA.FIL File

37.2.3. - The RBBSDATA.FIL File

37.2.4. - The SEND_ANS.FIL File

37.2.5. - The SEND_RAW.FIL File

37.2.6. - Data Base Files

37.2.6.1. - The Personnel File

37.2.6.2. - The Answer File

37.2.6.3. - Index Files

37.2.6.4. - The Quality Control Charts

37.2.6.5. - The Message File

37.2.7. - Calibration and Header Files

37.2.7.1. - HDR Files

37.2.7.2. - Calibration Column Vector Files

37.2.8. - Miscellaneous Files

37.2.8.1. - SYSTEM.CFG

37.2.8.2. - PRCFILE.QC

37.2.8.3. - HSS.PAR

37.2.8.4. - HSS.PWD

37.2.8.5. - HSS.SPD

37.3. - The WB1 Directory

37.3.1. - Contents

37.3.2. - Structure of the Raw Data File

37.3.3. - The Answer File for Transmittal to Other Computers

Chapter 38 - Index - The index as yet to be generated

Last Update: 6-March-2001 at 09:45 PST